Introduction to Occupational Therapy

Introduction to Occupational Therapy Physiology is the study of how the body parts and living organisms work and physical and chemical factor responsible for the origin, progression and development of life. Physiology is a foundation for further studies in the health science. Occupational therapy is a health profession that helps patients improve their nervous system functions including motor, social, personal, academic and vocational pursuits. Occupational therapy is professional trained in the biological, physical, and medical and behavior science. Through physiology, occupational therapists have insight into and be able to explain peripheral, the central and the autonomous nervous system’s functions and structure. From knowing the normal state of nervous system, occupational therapists can address the dysfunctions and improve their nervous system. Occupational Therapist incorporates the study of nervous system as it relates to participation in daily life. Therefore, occupational therapists are able to convert basic physiology concept to patient care. Occupational therapy used the knowledge of nervous system to treat conditions which related to nervous system such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, and cerebral palsy. Multiple sclerosis is an immune-mediated process in which an abnormal response of the immune system produces inflammation in the central nervous system which is brain, spinal cord and optic nerves (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2014). The damaged myelin where the protective membrane of nerve fibers is multiple sclerosis in various central nervous system (Lammert Zeeb, 2014). The T and B lymphatic cells and autoantibodies cause myelin damage, neuroinflammtion and neurodegeneration which make multiple sclerosis be a part of the group of autoimmune disease (Lammert Zeeb, 2014). The damaged myelin forms scar tissue (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2014). Since the myelin is damaged, the nerve impulses travelling to and from the brain and spinal cord are distorted and producing many of symptoms (National Multiple Sclerosis Society, 2014). Occupational therapist will offer strengthening and stretching exercise for the upper body to improve coordination (Wilson,n.d.). Normally, people who have multiple sclerosis have spasticity, especially lower body parts because the nerve impulse become smaller as going through the nerve (Wilson,n.d.). If they do not do stretching exercises regularly, their legs can be stiffen (Wilson,n.d.). Strengthening exercises are improve weakened muscle in moving and walking (Wilson,n.d.). Parkinson’s is a lacking of dopamine because some nerve cells in brain have died (Parkinson’s UK, n.d.). Parkinson’s is a progressive deteriorate in nervous system and their movement become slower (Parkinson’s UK, n.d.). The main symptoms of Parkinson’s are tremor, slowness of movement and rigidity which cause them involuntary shaking in their part of body, walk slowly, take longer to do their activities of daily life, stiff muscles, pain and muscle cramps (Parkinson’s UK, n.d.). Due to the message from brain to every part of body may not go through properly, it interrupts their activity of daily life such as bladder and bowel problems, eye problems, falls and dizziness, fatigue, freezing, pain, restless legs syndrome, skin and sweating problem, sleep problems, speech and communication problems and swallowing problem (Parkinson’s UK, n.d.). People with Parkinson’s can experience mental health such as anxiety, dementia, depressio n, hallucination and delusion and memory problems because they worry about living with the condition or because of possible changes in brain (Parkinson’s UK, n.d.). There is no way to improve the brain condition, so occupational therapists will help in finding easier ways to do their activity of daily life by recommending some equipment and changes their home safer (Parkinson’s UK, n.d.). The development of glial scar after central nervous system injuries is prohibit axon regeneration (University of Cambride, n.d.). The major molecules in glial scar are chondroitin sulpahate proteoglycans, semaphorins, ephrins and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (University of Cambride, n.d.). If the sulfated glycosaminoglycan, chondroitinase and proteoglycans are lost, this can promote axon regeneration in central nervous system (University of Cambride, n.d.). Axons that have high regenerative potential have large amount of ribosomes and other protein synthesis machinery in axon (University of Cambride, n.d.). However, central nervous system do not transport ribosomes which decrease the capability of nerve cells to regenerate (University of Cambride, n.d.). B esides that, axons in central nervous system need to have right integrin and surface integrin to interact with matrix glycoprotein in order to perform regeneration (University of Cambride, n.d.). However, various inhibitory molecules inactivate the Alpha9 intergrin and tenascin which allow them to regenerate (University of Cambride, n.d.). Cerebral palsy is a disorder that which caused by brain damage (Bachrach, 2012). This disorder can be occurred before or during a child’ birth or during the first 3 to 5 years child (Bachrach, 2012). There is no cure for this disease, but treatments include physical and occupational therapy, speech therapy, drugs to control seizures, relax muscle spasms and alleviate pain to overcome developmental disabilities and learn new ways to adopt this disabilities (National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, 2014). Their condition can be improved by doing surgery to correct anatomical abnormalities (National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, 2014). To smoother their activity of daily life, equipment like wheelchairs, walker and communication aids also help to improve their lives (National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, 2014). There are three types of cerebral palsy which are spastic cerebral palsy, athetoid cerebral palsy and ataxic cerebral pa lsy (Bachrach, 2012). Spastic cerebral palsy can cause stiffness in muscle which cause them have walking difficulties (Bachrach, 2012). Athetoid cerebral palsy can lead to involuntary and uncontrolled movement. Ataxic cerebral palsy can cause them imbalance and depth perception (Bachrach, 2012). For them, they have difficult in doing activities of daily life such as bathing, dressing, feeding, mobility, grooming and bowel (Bachrach, 2012). For children, occupational therapists normally will focus on playing and learning to achieve the goals that settled by multiple disciplinary team. Occupational therapy can address social, psychological and environmental factors involved with the children. Occupational therapist address working on fine motor by grasping and releasing toys, playing puzzle, sorting out the shape and number and others in order to exercise their hand’s muscle for developing handwriting skills. Occupational therapy for cerebral palsy can meet their needs by addressing hand-eye coordination to improve play skills such as hitting a target, batting a ball, bowling, coping from whiteboard and others. Occupational therapist helps children with developmental learning delay in activity of daily life such as bathing, dressing, grooming, feeding and movement. Normally, these children are more impulsive, aggressive, behavior disorder and low confidence due to their disorder. Occupational therapists also have to teach them how to vent out their stress and manage their anger. Occupational therapists will recommend them to write down their feeling in dairy or participating in physical activity likes sport. Due to their weak muscle tone, muscle and motor skills, occupational therapists have to teach them to use specialized equipment such as wheelchair, splint and dressing devices. Normally, their eating utensils are modified to bigger and heavier handles than normal one in order they can feed themselves. Their cups with special handles and plates with higher lips to keep and drink from slipping off. The clients with physical limitation can operate computer with touch screen and voice recognition to make their works easier. Special computers have the capability to help them perform taks that would normally be impossible for them. As nerve cells do not have centrioles to perform cell division, once the nerve cells are damaged, it is hard to recover. Dealing with disease or disorder associated with nervous system, there is no cure or hundred percent to recover back to normal life. However, as a occupational therapist, they will try their best in finding easier way to perform their activity of daily life. Not only occupational therapists ask them to do some exercises or play, but occupational therapists also have to go their home to have an assessment to modify their home to make their life easier. Normally, for those who have disorder or disease, their parents or caregivers may experience some mental health, so the occupational therapists have to improve their family members to decrease assistances on other for help with self-care, increase physical mobility and give consultation to the family member. From the knowledge of nervous system, occupational therapists know how to treat them to improve their lives and prevent any accident which can make it worse. References Bachrach, S. J. (2012). Cerebral Palsy. Retrieved from http://kidshealth.org/parent/medical/brain/cerebral_palsy.html# Lammert, E., Zeeb, M. (2014). Metabolism of Human Disease. Retrieved from http://books.google.com.my/books?hl=enlr=id=75_IAwAAQBAJoi=fndpg=PA47dq=introduction+of+multiple+sclerosis+ots=x4gUh7V244sig=DvW5sK0mKakeMR9sRSgPslIdRwU#v=onepageq=introduction of multiple sclerosisf=false National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke (2014).NINDS Cerebral Palsy Information Page. Retrieved from http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/cerebral_palsy/cerebral_palsy.htm University of Cambridge. (n.d.). John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair. Retrieved from http://www.brc.cam.ac.uk/principal-investigators/james-fawcett/axon-regeneration-in-the-central-nervous-system/ National Multiple Sclerosis Society (2014). Definition of Multiple Sclerosis. Retrieved from http://www.nationalmssociety.org/What-is-MS/Definition-of-MS Parkinson’s UK (n.d.). Occupational Therapy and Parkinson’s. Retrieved from http://www.parkinsons.org.uk/content/occupational-therapy-and-parkinsons Wilson,M. A. (n.d.). Multiple Sclerosis and Exercise. Retrieved from http://www.sitandbefit.org/multiple_sclerosis

Mischief, Mayhem, In Tyler We Trust: A Textual Analysis of Personality

Psychological disorders are widely represented in films, as well as in other media texts such as novels, television shows, etc. One film that portrays more than one example of a psychological disorder is Fight Club, a Twentieth Century Fox movie released with an R rating in 1999. Directed by David Fincher; and produced by Art Linson, Cean Chaffin, and Ross Grayson Bell, the movie mainly introduces Dissociative Identity Disorders (also known as Multiple Personality Disorders), but also hints at insomnia and depression. The movie is adapted from the book Fight Club written by Chuck Palahniuk. Fox marketed the movie using a â€Å"myriad of merchandise, including posters, the soundtrack, and even email addresses (yourname@fightclub.com)† (CNN). The movie’s production budget was set at $63,000,000 with the movie grossing $37,030,102 (Daily Box Office). The characters of the movie refer to themselves as the â€Å"middle children of history† with the feelings of having no purpose or place in life. They convey that they have no history-making events or real set goals and/or destiny to look forward to. They were brought up by society to believe that one-day they would be rich, famous and loved just as those depicted on television. This is symbolic of society during the surrounding time of the movie’s release. It is prevalent in modern society to strive to become someone/something that one sees in the media. The movie is directed towards Generation-X, but the â€Å"†¦hope was that the film would demonstrate the themes of the story to a larger audience. It would offer more people the idea that they could create their own lives outside the existing blueprint for happiness offered by society† (Palahniuk). This message was one that demanded that its viewers put all that drives them aside, and rethink what they had been taught from childhood. After the film’s release, instead of delivering the message that was intended, it was m et with criticism and misunderstanding. This was due partly to the fact that it was scheduled for release shortly after the Columbine shootings. The movie became an easy target for those upset by the blatant violence which surrounded the Columbine incident. Although Fight Club is a film full of violence it is in reality one that promotes anti-violence, and points out to the audience the human impulses that cause violent behavior. Ironically, despite all of the med... ...iative Identity Disorder (DID) Fact Sheet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://cameronwest.com/did1.html Doak, Robert. Studies in Popular Culture: Who Am I This Time? Multiple Personality Disorder and Popular Culture. http://pcasacas.org/SPC/spcissues/22.1/doak.html Hamilton, Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Medical Encyclopedia: Sleeping Difficulty.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.rwjhamilton.org/Atoz/encyclopedia/article/003210.asp Maisto, Albert A, and Charles G. Morris.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychology: an introduction. 12th edition. 2005.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pearson Education Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. Palahniuk, Chuck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Fight Club DVD booklet. PsychNet-UK.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dissociative Identity Disorder: Disorder Information Sheet.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/dissociative_identity_disorder.htm University of Iowa Health Care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Multiple Personality Disorder: Health Topics: UI Health Care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  http://www.uihealthcare.com/topics/mentalemotionalhealth/ment3157.html

Lord of the Ants- Notes and Paper on E. O. Wilson

Lord of the Ants Ed Wilson Was hit in the eye by the dorsal fin of a Pin fish and went partially blind, so he turned his interest to animals small enough for him to see entirely and up close, something small enough for him to hold between his thumb and pointer finger to inspect. Pheidole Jim Watson- Newly appointed head at Harvard Watson inspired Wilson to apply chemistry to how ants stay so organized Chemical trail ants leave to direct and guide other ants towards food, away from an enemy, a new home, and so on. Pheromones Sociobiology Many protested his theory of sociobiology Encyclopedia of Life E. O.Wilson was   intrigued by nature at a very young age, growing up in Alabama offered him a natural world, rich in plants, insects, and plenty other species just waiting to be discovered. He had a true passion for understanding the natural world that we inhabit. As a young boy,   he was hit in the eye by the dorsal fin of a Pin fish and went partially blind. He didn't let this hold him back, instead he focused his interest to animals small enough for him to see entirely and up close, something small enough for him to hold between his thumb and pointer finger to inspect. Wilson's interest in nature grew with his age, he  earned his B.S. and M. S. degrees at the University of Alabama, and went on to earn his Ph. D. from Harvard University. Wilson wrote  On Human Nature, a Pulitzer Prize-winning book on his theory of Sociobiology, explaining how the many characteristics of human and society can be explained from an evolutionary point of view. He explained that all animal behavior, including human behavior, is the outcome of hereditary factors, environmental stimuli, and past experiences. His work faced much resistance from many, as a lot of critics had a hard time accepting his theory as it applied to humans.His theory rejects the previously established doctrine of tabula rasa,  which holds that human beings are born a clean slate, and that culture function s to aid in human knowledge, survival, and success. Island biogeography is a field of biogeography that studies species richness in isolated natural areas. This theory examines extinction and migration patterns of different species to isolated areas. Wilson's work has lead to the understanding and need for species conservation. His theory led to establishing national parks and the development of habitat corridors.

Development At Different Stages Of The Life Span Of An...

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She spent time contributing her knowledge on health and safety programs, training, proposals and changes which focus on safety environment, as a better place to live and work for future generation. She also feels satisfied when she can reach out to those charities she has been sending aid to, because of positive relationships she had with people. (Generativity). Recently, she has been diagnosed with colon cancer, which makes it difficult for her to continue working due to various hospital appointments and child rearing. Hannah’s husband work every day and is the main provider of the family. Hannah’s family has struggled to cope with their daily routineShow MoreRelatedLife Span Development1429 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The goal of the life span perspective of development is to understand how and why all different kinds of people, everywhere, and of every age, change over time (Berger, 2011). 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